Why mumps etc rar

Whooping cough, or pertussis, is a highly contagious disease that can be deadly for babies. Whooping cough can cause uncontrollable, violent coughing, which often makes it hard to breathe.

In babies, this disease also can cause life-threatening pauses in breathing with no cough at all. Whooping cough is especially dangerous to babies who are too young to be vaccinated themselves. Mothers should get the whooping cough vaccine during each pregnancy to pass some protection to their babies before birth. It is very important for your baby to get the whooping cough vaccine on time so he can start building his own protection against the disease.

Since , between 15, and 50, cases of whooping cough were reported each year in the United States, with cases reported in every state. This disease is caused by bacteria called Streptococcus pneumoniae. It causes ear infections, sinus infections, pneumonia, and even meningitis, making it very dangerous for children. The germs can invade parts of the body—like the brain or spinal cord—that are normally free from germs. Make sure you keep kids safe from this dangerous disease by vaccinating.

Doctors recommend that your child get four doses of the pneumococcal conjugate vaccine also called PCV One dose at each of the following ages:. Rotavirus is contagious and can cause severe watery diarrhea, often with vomiting, fever, and abdominal pain, mostly in infants and young children.

Children can become severely dehydrated from the disease and need to be hospitalized. If a dehydrated child does not get needed care, they could die. Doctors recommend that your child get two or three doses of the vaccine depending on the brand. Mumps is best known for causing puffy cheeks and a swollen jaw. This is due to swelling of the salivary glands.

Other symptoms include fever, head and muscle aches, and tiredness. Mumps is a contagious disease and there is no treatment. Mumps is still a threat today—every year, people in the United States get mumps. In recent years, mumps outbreaks have occurred in settings where there was close, extended contact with infected people, such as being in the same classroom or playing on the same sports team.

The MMR vaccine protects you and your family against mumps, measles, and rubella. Doctors recommend that your child get two doses of the MMR shot Your child will need one dose at each of the following ages:. Chickenpox is a disease that causes an itchy rash of blisters and a fever.

A person with chickenpox may have a lot of blisters—as many as all over their body. Chickenpox can be serious and even life-threatening, especially in babies, adults, and people with weakened immune systems. Even healthy children can get really sick. Vaccinating kids at an early age is especially important to keep your children healthy. Doctors recommend that your child get two chickenpox shots. Most of us only know diphtheria as an obscure disease from long ago, thanks to the diphtheria vaccine babies get.

This vaccine, called DTaP, provides protection against diphtheria, tetanus, and pertussis whooping cough. While preventable, diphtheria does still exist. It can cause a thick covering in the back of the nose or throat that makes it hard to breathe or swallow. Diphtheria can also lead to heart failure, paralysis, and even death.

Make sure to vaccinate to help keep this dangerous infection from your kids. Skip directly to site content Skip directly to page options Skip directly to A-Z link. Vaccines for Your Children. Section Navigation. Facebook Twitter LinkedIn Syndicate. For making the object, technical solutions and advantages of the present invention clearly, below in conjunction with accompanying drawing, embodiment of the present invention is described further in detail.

In following examples, agents useful for same and probe are mainly purchased from precious biotechnology Dalian company limited.

The primer that embodiment 1. Embodiments provide a kind of primer for detecting mumps virus and probe, this primer and probe comprise: for detect mumps virus forward primer, for detecting the reverse primer of mumps virus and the probe for detecting mumps virus, wherein. In embodiments of the present invention, the fluorescent reporter group of probe is the excitation wavelength of FAM, FAM is nm, and reception wavelength is nm; Quenching group is Eclipse.

In table 1: F:forward, forward; Mumps virus-F represents the forward primer of mumps virus. R:reverse, oppositely; Mumps virus-R represents the reverse primer of mumps virus.

The primer of the design of table 1 and probe all entrust precious biotechnology Dalian company limited to synthesize. The primer that the embodiment of the present invention provides and probe have highly sensitive characteristic, and accurately can detect the content of the mumps virus in testing sample.

Embodiment 2. Embodiments provide a kind of for mumps virus nucleic acid quantitative determination reagent kit, this test kit comprises the primer and probe that the embodiment of the present invention 1 provides, and this test kit also comprises: RNA extracting solution, RT-PCR reaction solution, working standard, positive quality control product, critical positive quality control product and negative quality control product.

The proportioning of each component concentration of concrete RT-PCR reaction solution is: the reversed transcriptive enzyme 0. Particularly, the final concentration of forward primer and reverse primer is 0.

In actual application, primer and probe together can be added in RT-PCR reaction solution and form reaction system, then to add sterilized water to volume be Particularly, RNA extracting solution this RNA extracting solution is commercial reagent comprise final concentration be 0. In the present embodiment, RNA extracting solution comprise final concentration be 0.

Particularly, negative quality control product is concentration is 0. Weigh 0. Particularly, positive quality control product is 1. Positive quality control product be high density containing mumps virus genomic RNA fragment solution.

Particularly, critical positive quality control product is 1. Working standard, for the pUCT recombinant plasmid of the nucleotide fragments of the high conservative gene NP gene containing mumps virus, alkaline lysis method of extracting DNA is used after this recombinant plasmid transformed bacillus coli DH 5 alpha propagation, through DNA Purification Kit, with spectrophotometric measurement A quantitative, be then diluted to 1.

Stock concentration is 1. Working concentration is followed successively by 1. The Kit components that the present embodiment provides is as follows:. Table 2. The test kit provided by the embodiment of the present invention 2 detects mumps virus on Bio-Rad iQ5TM quantitative real time PCR Instrument, and concrete grammar is as follows:. Mark product storage and transport: if mark product are not tested immediately, should DEG C be stored in, avoid multigelation. The long-distance transport of mark product should adopt 0 DEG C of curling stone.

Pcr amplification is carried out by program below:. Ct value be less than 28 for positive; Ct value be greater than 32 for negative; Ct value be more than or equal to 28 and be less than or equal to 32 for the critical positive.

The amplification that the embodiment of the present invention provides is Fig. The Ct value that the sample that table 3 provides for embodiment 2 is corresponding. Sequence number Ct value 1 Retinoid-induced suppression of MuV replication could be demonstrated in all but the R4 cells. ATRA is generally found in the intracellular space, but can be found in the serum in the 5—10 nM range [ 79 ]. As a result, we believe the mechanisms that we have documented in vitro to be potentially active in vivo.

To our knowledge, there has not yet been any attempt to use retinol or other retinoids to modulate the course of mumps infection. Unfortunately, there is no animal model for mumps in which this possibility can be directly tested. The antiviral state created by the combination of MuV infection and ATRA treatment was ultimately generated by the expression of type I interferon.

Variations in the V protein sequence can decrease the efficiency of proteosomal targeting of STAT1, [ 80 ] resulting in differing sensitivity to type I IFNs and potentially the IFN dependent antiviral state produced by retinoid treatment.

We are currently collecting wild-type MuV isolates to correlate retinoid sensitivity with V protein sequence to better understand this apparent paradox. It is also possible that the timing of sample collection contributed to these results. Time course studies are currently underway to address these issues. We further demonstrate that nuclear retinoid receptor signalling was also central to the antiviral effect of retinoids against MuV.

The results in the Huh7. At least some of this paradox may be explained by the hour time-point used for most experiments. Indeed, MuV output was lower in the Huh7. The 48 hour time-point was chosen for our experiments because retinoid effects were most obvious at this time.

These findings are very similar to our observations with measles virus in the Huh 7. The Huh7. It is widely thought that the double-stranded RNA sensor mda-5 is the primary target of the MuV V protein [ 81 , 82 ] and that RIG-I may respond primarily to Paramyxovirus defective interfering particles [ 83 ].

For several Paramyxoviruses, mda-5 signalling is inhibited by direct binding of the V protein and conserved residues in the helicase [ 82 ]. More recent data raises the possibility that Paramyxovirus V proteins may also target RIG-I indirectly by binding to laboratory of genetics and physiology 2 LGP2 [ 84 ] Mutations in the carboxy-terminal domain of the V protein can result in a reduction or total loss of this interference [ 81 ]. We are currently collecting wild-type WT MuV isolates to assess their susceptibility to retinoid-induced suppression and to correlate this suppression with V protein mutations.

This last observation is consistent with the immediate and short-lived antiviral effects of type I IFNs [ 85 ]. Commercial vaccines are not yet available for many of these viruses, and antiviral drugs are typically of little use [ 86 ]. The clinical evidence of benefit from retinoid therapy of MeV infection in children and CDV infection in ferrets is strong [ 17 ]—[ 19 , 78 ]. Our in vitro data suggest that ATRA may be far more potent that retinol in mediating antiviral effects. Our mechanistic studies in different tissue culture models of MuV infection suggest that common signalling pathways mediate these effects [ 46 ]—[ 48 ].

However, high doses of vitamin A in children with RSV infection have no benefit and may even cause harm [ 74 , 88 ]. In aggregate, these clinical and laboratory observations support further studies of the efficacy and mechanism of action of retinoids against a wider range of respiratory viruses in more sophisticated animal models, such as primates, or even clinical studies.

It would be of particular interest to use retinoids other than retinol, ATRA in particular, in these latter studies to achieve more effective inhibition of viral replication. This conclusion is further supported by a recent study demonstrating that several synthetic retinoid analogues have much greater capacity to interfere with human herpes virus 8 HHV8 replication in vitro than retinol [ 89 ].

In conclusion, this work has demonstrated that MuV can be inhibited in vitro by retinoids. The antiviral response was created in the initially uninfected bystander cells and was both short-lived and cross-protective against subsequent MuV or MeV challenge. This is the first work to demonstrate the antiviral effect of vitamin A on MuV and may contribute to better treatment options for MuV.

DMSO at equivalent final dilutions was used in all experiments as a control. MeV stock was grown as described in [ 47 ]. The virus was incubated with the cells for 1. The level of gene expression in untreated cells was used for calibration. Transwell experiments TW were performed as previously described [ 47 , 48 ]. Briefly, TW membranes inserts with 0. Wells with no transwell inserts were used for control cultures.

Supernatants were collected from TWs and used to treat fresh U cells. Huh 7. Supernatants were not analysed separately in this series of experiments. U cells were infected at an MOI of 0. All authors read and approved the final manuscript. Koren Mann for feedback and support. Research funded by CIHR grant National Center for Biotechnology Information , U.

Journal List Virol J v. Virol J. Published online Nov Author information Article notes Copyright and License information Disclaimer.

Corresponding author. Kaitlin J Soye: ac. Received Jan 4; Accepted Oct This article has been cited by other articles in PMC. Conclusions These results demonstrate that retinoids inhibit MuV replication in uninfected bystander cells through a retinoid inducible gene I RIG-I , retinoic acid receptor RAR and IFN dependent manner making them refractory to subsequent rounds of viral replication. Results Mumps virus can be inhibited in vitro U cells are neoplastic and histiocytic progenitors of monocytes that have been extensively used in immunological studies [ 49 ] including investigation of interferon pathways during MuV infection [ 50 ]—[ 52 ].

Open in a separate window. Figure 1. Retinoid treatment enhances IFN signalling The innate immune response is thought to be responsible for the initial control of infectious agents. Figure 2. Figure 3. Figure 4. Antiviral response is created in uninfected bystander cells To determine whether or not a bystander effect was induced following MuV infection, we repeated key experiments using 0.

Figure 5. Bystander cells are protected from infection To determine whether or not the uninfected inner-chamber, bystander cells would have reduced susceptibility to future infection these cells were harvested and challenged with MuV at an MOI of 0. Figure 6. Discussion The potential role of individual micronutrients in specific infectious diseases has been the subject of considerable interest for decades reviewed in [ 61 ].

Figure 7. Conclusions In conclusion, this work has demonstrated that MuV can be inhibited in vitro by retinoids. Transwell Transwell experiments TW were performed as previously described [ 47 , 48 ]. Conditioned media Supernatants were collected from TWs and used to treat fresh U cells. Blocking antibody Supernatants were collected from TWs and used to treat fresh U cells. Transfection Huh 7. Elisa U cells were infected at an MOI of 0. Competing interests The authors have no competing interest to declare.

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